Smoothed particle hydrodynamics modeling of elevated structures impacted by tsunami-like waves

Accurate characterization of the response coastal structures when subjected to tsunami-like waves is important for structural engineering assessment and design. The weakly-compressive Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamic (SPH) model can theoretically investigate such phenomena in both horizontal vertical directions. Yet, convergence solutions sensitive physical numerical parameters used modeling. In this paper, multiple three- two-dimensional SPH models are study free-surface elevation various initial inter-particle distances, domain locations along flume vicinity structure, unbroken broken wave flow conditions. results infer on trade-offs between accuracy computational costs simulations, including computing time data storage requirements. Two-dimensional an approximate ratio ten particles per height reasonably predict nonturbulent case. case requires three-dimensional four times height. A correlation experimental then performed, showing adequacy converged capture global force responses. distribution pressures exerted elevated structure characterized compared with analytical equation derived from dataset, highlighting symbiotic relationship data, calibration models, insights, setup For example, additional instruments should be placed at strategic future programs further validate local responses, as near edges corners structures. Such insights support work development updated US European guidelines design overland built infrastructures.